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Casuarina glauca

Sieber ex Spreng. (1826)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class/Clade: Eudicot-Rosids Order: Fagales Family: Casuarinaceae Genus: Casuarina

longleaf ironwood, saltmarsh ironwood, swamp oak

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Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form: Evergreen nitrogen–fixing trees usually 15–18 m tall.

Stems: Branches long, coarse, usually glaucous.

Roots:

Leaves: Leaves simple (minute). Whorled, 4–20 per node. Leaves scale-like. Margins entire. Sheaths with 9–18 teeth. Stipules absent.

Flowers: Flowers in staminate flowers in spikes on lateral branches, pistillate flowers in dense, head-like clusters on short lateral branches, staminate flowers consisting of a stamen subtended by a bract and 2 pairs of small bracteoles, the inner pair caducous at anthesis, anthers dithecal, basifixed, opening lengthwise. Flowers unisexual, small and inconspicuous. Calyx (sepals) absent. Corolla (petals) absent. Staminate flowers with a single stamen; anthers dithecal, basifixed, opening lengthwise. Ovary superior (pistillate flowers), solitary, 2 carpels, only 1 fertile; ovules 2 in the fertile cell; styles 2, short, terminal; stigmas long, decurrent. Staminate flowers ovary absent.

Fruit: Capsules "cones" subglobose; flat–topped; ca. 0.7–1.3 cm in diameter; the valves prominent; protruding ca. 1–1.5 mm; pubescent; apex obtuse. Nuts ca. 4.7–5 mm long (incl. wing); fruit a 1–seeded; flattened; apically winged nut; somewhat woody cones; each nut enclosed in the woody bracteoles that separate at maturity and give the appearance of an opened capsules. Seeds with seed coat adnate to pericarp; endosperm absent.

Ploidy: 2n = 18

Habitat: Persisting and extensively spreading by root suckers after cultivation; at least at Kō‘ele; Lāna‘i; and in forestry plantings.

Elevation Range:

Historical Distribution

Uses and Culture

USES

Natural History

Statewide Status

Naturalized

Island Status

Kuaihelani (Midway Atoll) Naturalized
Kaua'i Naturalized
O'ahu Naturalized
Molokai Naturalized
Lana'i Naturalized
Kaho'olawe Naturalized
Maui Naturalized
Hawai'i Naturalized

Dispersal Agents

Water/Ocean
Wind
Forestry

Vegetative Reproduction

Pollinators

Notes

  • Description digitized by Mercedez
  • Description digitized from the Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii
  • First collected on Ldna'i in 1916
  • Wind–pollinated.

Bibliography

Name Published In: Syst. Veg. 3: 803 (1826)

Other References

Wagner et al. 1990:529 (K, O, Mo, L, M, Ka, H); Oppenheimer & Bartlett 2000:3 (WM, H); Starr et al. 2002:19 (Mi); Staples & Herbst 2005:228 (KEY), 230 (DESCR); Oppenheimer 2008:26 (Mo); Starr & Starr 2011:24 (Ka); Oppenheimer 2011:7 (K)

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Locality Habitat Basis of Record Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Casuarina glauca SE base of Puu Kaala above Schofield, Waianae mts Waianaeuka: dry slope, used in reforestation. Preserved_Specimen Fosberg, F.R. 12609 Oahu BISH 1935-12-07
2 Casuarina glauca Upper Hakioawa, Acess Rd. Melinis repens, Cenchrus ciliaris, Tamarix aphylla Preserved_Specimen Starr, F. 8020802 Kahoolawe BISH 2008-02-08
3 Casuarina glauca Kahuku; Pupukea Mountain grows in low land sandy soil, used as a wind break. Preserved_Specimen Kwok, K.T.W. 5 Oahu BISH 1967-02-28
4 Casuarina glauca Waimea Districtg. Less than 100 meters above hunter check-in station along Waimea Canyon Road. Dry-mesic Eucalyptus forest. Acacia koa, Andropogon sp. (cf. glomeratus), Bambusoideae sp., Eucalyptus sp., Dodonaea viscosa, Gahnia beecheyi, Leptecophylla tameiameiae, Plantago lanceolata, Polygala paniculata. Preserved_Specimen Wolkis, D. 1271 Kauai BISH 2021-04-06
5 Casuarina glauca One House Island, Keehi Lagoon; el. about sea level. Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 6164 Oahu BISH 1978-07-29
6 Casuarina glauca W Maui, Lahaina District, Honolua Growing on a slope near a road in pineapple field. Preserved_Specimen Oppenheimer, H.L. 99906 Maui BISH 1999-09-07
7 Casuarina glauca Kalae Naturalized trees, escaping from old Forestry plantings, reproducing by suckers and forming thickets, with Casuarina equisetifolia. Preserved_Specimen Oppenheimer, H.L. 110608 Molokai BISH 2006-11-02
8 Casuarina glauca W Maui, Kealaloloa Ridge Pastureland. Forming extensive patches by vegetative means. Preserved_Specimen Wagner, W.L. 5856 Maui BISH 1988-03-08
9 Casuarina glauca Kaala Trail above Schofield, bet. Kolekole Pass and Puu Kalena, Waianae Mts., Waianaeuka dry slope, used in reforestation Preserved_Specimen Fosberg, F.R. 12609 Oahu BISH 1935-12-07
10 Casuarina glauca Laie Veg. type: (xeric shrub). Red volcanic soil, dominant large tree for miles. Preserved_Specimen Green, J.M. 13 Oahu BISH 1967-03-20
11 Casuarina glauca Pauoa-Makiki ridge Tree in grove. Dry ridge. Preserved_Specimen Zschokke, T.C. 10 Oahu BISH 1926-03-17
12 Casuarina glauca Hanalei District, Kilauea Stream. Growing with Casuarina equisetifolia. Preserved_Specimen Oppenheimer, H.L. 110818 Kauai BISH 2008-11-12
13 Casuarina glauca Kapapa Islet, Kaneohe Bay coral sandy soil on raised reef Preserved_Specimen Fosberg, F.R. 14026 Oahu BISH 1937-06-06
14 Casuarina glauca Near Lua Nakika, in State forestry enclosure In State forestry enclosure Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 6199 Kahoolawe BISH 1978-08-04
15 Casuarina glauca Kaala Trail above Schofield, bet. Kolekole Pass and Puu Kalena, Waianae Mts., Waianaeuka planted to reforest dry brushy slopes Preserved_Specimen Fosberg, F.R. 12973 Oahu BISH 1936-03-08
16 Casuarina glauca Wailua Game Reserve, above Wailua, Hawaii Vegetation on plots stripmined for bauxite ore in 1958-60. Tree plot area. Fertilizer applied topically. Preserved_Specimen Howard, R.A. 20207 Kauai BISH 1985-10-20
17 Casuarina glauca W Maui, Lahaina District, Honolua Growing on a slope near a road in pineapple field. Preserved_Specimen Oppenheimer, H.L. 99906 Maui BISH 1999-09-07
18 Casuarina glauca Ironwood Golf Course Preserved_Specimen Evans, M. 34 Molokai BISH 1990-07-01
19 Casuarina glauca Koele, slopes N of Preserved_Specimen Nagata, K.M. 3510 Lanai BISH 1986-06-04
20 Casuarina glauca Keopukaloa, north side of Honokoi gulch Preserved_Specimen Oppenheimer, H.L. 110726 Molokai BISH 2007-11-08
21 Casuarina glauca Keomuku Road, Malau Preserved_Specimen Nagata, K.M. 3505 Lanai BISH 1986-06-05
22 Casuarina glauca Lanai City, S section of city, wast area Preserved_Specimen Nagata, K.M. 3491 Lanai BISH 1986-06-02
23 Casuarina glauca near Bishop Museum, on Kamehameha School grounds Preserved_Specimen Brown, F.B.H. 1160 Oahu BISH 1923-05-24
24 Casuarina glauca Kaohikaipu Islet, Makapuu Point Preserved_Specimen Lamoureux, C.H. 4068 Oahu BISH 1967-08-10
25 Casuarina glauca Keaiwa Heiau State Rec. Area 10 mi NW of Honolulu Preserved_Specimen Little Jr., E.L. 31011 Oahu BISH 1976-08-05
26 Casuarina glauca Mokulua South, Oahu. Summit and north ridge Preserved_Specimen Starr, F. 5022312 Oahu BISH 2005-02-23
27 Casuarina glauca Honolulu, Preserved_Specimen Judd Jr., A.F. 20 Oahu BISH 1927-12-18
28 Casuarina glauca Koele Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. 539 Lanai BISH 1916-03-28
29 Casuarina glauca Lanai City, edge of golf course along highway Preserved_Specimen Nagata, K.M. 3503 Lanai BISH 1986-06-05
30 Casuarina glauca E. of Pohoula Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 28577 Lanai BISH 1963-09-09
31 Casuarina glauca SW of Lua Makika Preserved_Specimen Corn, C. 217 Kahoolawe BISH 1980-04-25
32 Casuarina glauca Manoa Arboretum Preserved_Specimen Duvel, A. 12 Oahu BISH 1924-09-27
33 Casuarina glauca Preserved_Specimen Nagata, K.M. 3499 Lanai BISH 1986-06-02
34 Casuarina glauca North Kohala District, Kalala ahupuaa, Lahikiola cinder cone, south side of the cinder cone Preserved_Specimen Bunch, P.M. 107 Hawaii BISH 1989-03-13
35 Casuarina glauca Hilo, Richardson's Beach Park HUMAN_OBSERVATION Friday, J.B. Hawaii 8/11/2003
36 Casuarina glauca Keomuku Road, Malau Preserved_Specimen Nagata, K.M. 3504 Lanai BISH 1986-06-05
37 Casuarina glauca Mokulua, Lanikai Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 5997 Oahu BISH 1978-02-07
38 Casuarina glauca Waianae Mts., N. approach to Puu Kaua Preserved_Specimen Wilbur, R.L. 481 Oahu BISH 1948-02-29
39 Casuarina glauca Coconut Island, Keehi Lagoon Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 6154 Oahu BISH 1978-07-29
40 Casuarina glauca N. Mokulua Islet Preserved_Specimen Fosberg, F.R. 27112 Oahu BISH 1946-10-13
41 Casuarina glauca Koolau Mts, Paalaa, Wahiawa, Poamoho Trail Preserved_Specimen Kato, M. Oahu BISH 1955-11-30
42 Casuarina glauca Lanai Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. Lanai BISH 1916-03-01
43 Casuarina glauca Lanai Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. Lanai BISH 1916-03-01
44 Casuarina glauca Kaua Preserved_Specimen Student at University of Hawaii Oahu BISH 1958-04-26
45 Casuarina glauca Manoa Valley, near head, arboretum of H.S.P.A Preserved_Specimen Caum, E.L. Oahu BISH 1930-12-11
46 Casuarina glauca Honolulu, Alewa Hts., roadside near upper end of road Preserved_Specimen Neal, M.C. Oahu BISH 1930-04-13
47 Casuarina glauca Honolulu, Alewa Hts., roadside near upper end of road Preserved_Specimen Neal, M.C. Oahu BISH 1930-04-13
48 Casuarina glauca Lanai City Preserved_Specimen Aldrich, W.W. Lanai BISH 1955-03-09
49 Casuarina glauca Pearl City. Girl Scout Camp Preserved_Specimen Neal, M.C. Oahu BISH 1940-10-31
50 Casuarina glauca Grounds of Bishop Museum Preserved_Specimen Staff Oahu BISH 1986-02-17
51 Casuarina glauca Aiea Heights. Beginning of trail Preserved_Specimen Kerr, M. Oahu BISH 1946-07-01
52 Casuarina glauca outside W.boundary of Molokai Forest Reserve Preserved_Specimen Little Jr., E.L. Molokai BISH 1976-09-15
53 Casuarina glauca Manoa, Kanana Preserved_Specimen Caum, E.L. Oahu BISH 1937-05-31
54 Casuarina glauca Manoa Valley, near head, arboretum of H.S.P.A Preserved_Specimen Caum, E.L. Oahu BISH 1930-12-11
55 Casuarina glauca Palikea Preserved_Specimen 47 Oahu BISH 1963-10-12
56 Casuarina glauca Hilo, Richardson's Beach Park HUMAN_OBSERVATION Friday, J.B. Hawaii 8/11/2003
57 Casuarina glauca Honolulu, Manoa Valley, head, Arboretum of H.S.P.A Preserved_Specimen Brown, F.B.H. 1319 Oahu BISH 1926-06-09
58 Casuarina glauca Puvaa Makiki Preserved_Specimen Zschokke, T.C. 10 Oahu BISH 1926-03-17
59 Casuarina glauca Kaiholena Valley, S ridge Preserved_Specimen Nagata, K.M. 3531 Lanai BISH 1986-06-04
60 Casuarina glauca Kohala HUMAN_OBSERVATION Friday, J.B. Hawaii 8/4/2009
61 Casuarina glauca Hilo, Richardson's Beach Park HUMAN_OBSERVATION Friday, J.B. Hawaii 8/11/2003
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